Heart failure is a debilitating chronic disorder associated with high mortality rates, frequent hospitalizations and poor quality of life. In this disorder, family/caregiver support is extremely important due to be associated with a worse quality of life than most forms of cancer and other chronic diseases. There has been little research on the impact of heart failure on the family or the role of the family in the management of the condition, despite a number of studies conducted in the area. In this paper examined the effects of caregiving in the family/caregivers of patients with heart failure.

A patient who needs monitoring and theraphy with complex equipments in order to live because of organ/system failures or dsyfunctions is called a critical patient. Critical patient could be taken another hospital or other departments of the hospital like diagnosis department, operating room, critical car unit if the conditions of the unit is not suitable for the treatment.
Potential risks of the patient transfer should be reduced with careful planing, using qualified staff and suitable equipment. Transfer risk includes two risks, named medical risk and travel risk. Medical risk, patient’s medical state, warmth changes, slow or rapid movements. Travel risk, vibration and collision.
It is important to stabilize the patient and making necessary diagnosis and tratments before transfer in order to reduce transfer risks. Continuous monitoring of life functions, equipments and qualified staff will provide all interventions suitable for the patient’s need during transfers in the same hospital or other hospitals.
This manuscript will be discussed.in the same hospital or other hospitals of critical patients during transfers between points to be considered and the importance.

Acute respiratory failure forms due to the ventilation and perfusion failures when the exchange of arterial blood gases in respiratory sistem could not provide the metabolic needs of the body. Respiratory failure is investigated/named as hypoxemic when oxygenation is failured (Type1), hypercapnic when ventilation is failures (Type 2) and also hypoxemic and hypercapnic when two forms were together. Signs and symptoms of the acute respiratory failure appear when signs and symptoms of the subdisease join with the signs and symptoms of the hypoxemia and hypercapnia. Dsypnea is the main sign of hypoxemia. Signs of hypercapnia could form tachycardia because of the increase of cardiac out-put, and periferic vazodilatation and headache and pupil edema due to cerebral vazodilatation. Aim of nursing care are to provide efficient openning of the airway and gaseous axchange, to prevent complication due to immobilization, to determine the indications of changes in tissue perfusion, to provide and continue efficient respiratory function, to reduce anxiety and fear, and also to provide comfort of the patient.

Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death in the majority of countries. Nearly the half of these deaths are unexpected and sudden. Cardiac arrest is defined as the absence or severe reduction of cardiac output resulting in inadequate perfusion of vital organs and causing cerebral and myocardial ischaemic damage. Successful resuscitation is more likely in accident and emergency departments and specialist areas such as coronary intensive care. Although the broad majority of sudden cardiac deaths occur out-of-hospital and very poor survival rates have been reported, in-hospital cardiac arrest remains a major problem. Cardio-pulmonary Resusitation can sustain a patient for a certain time but is unlikely to restore an organized rhythm of the heart. To achieve this goal defibrillation and advanced cardiovascular care are necessary, which must be administered in the shortest possible interval after the arrhythmic event. The time to defibrillation is the single most important determinant of survival from cardiac arrest. Ventricular tachycardia and Ventricular fibrillation, even in hospitalized patients, are major causes of morbidity and mortality.
This manuscript will outline the pathophysiology associated with cardiac arrest, discuss the overall management and examine in detaile the techniques and drugs used for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the important of the use of automated external defibrillation for treatment of out-of-hospital and in-hospital cardiac arrest, the care of the patients and their families following successful and unsuccessful resuscitation will be discussed.

Oxygen is used in order to treat potential harmful and lethal effect of hypoxemia. Oxygen is an odorless, colorless and tasteless gasses. Toxic effects are formed when oxygen is used in high amounts for longtimes. For this reason, it should be used in a short time with low oxygen concentration and enough for patient’s need.
Oxygen therapy is giving oxygen density than the oxygen concentration of atmosphere in order to treat hypoxia signs and symptoms. Indications of oxygen therapy are to treat hypoxemia, decrease respiration and work load of myocard. Need is determined by measurement of inadequate oxygen saturations, by invasive or noninvasive methods. During the oxygen theraphy monitoring of arterial blood gasses, pulse oxymeter, rate of respirations and pulses, blood pressure and useage of acessory respiratory muscles should be evaluated.

Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are effective at reducing mortality in patients at high risk for sudden cardiac death but can cause psychosocial disturbances such as stres, fear, weakness, anxiety, depression. ICDs impose unique emotional pressures relating to altered body image, painful shocks, and the possibility of hardware failure. Lifestyle changes such as restrictions on driving, inability to continue the work of the existing anxiety, marital and social relationships can significantly affect the all ICD patient’s psychological and emotional well-being. Therefore, education is very important for ICD patients to adapt to a new way of life and improve the psychosocial well-being. This compilation is examined ICD patients' psychosocial problems and the importance of nursing interventions.